How do you implement policy-as-code in DevOps?

Using tools like Open Policy Agent (OPA) and HashiCorp Sentinel.

How do you handle incident response in DevOps?

Using an on-call rotation, alerting, and post-mortems.

What is site reliability engineering (SRE)?

A discipline that applies software engineering principles to system reliability.

How do you enforce security compliance in a DevOps pipeline?

By integrating security scanning, linting, and automated compliance tests.

How do you manage hybrid cloud environments?

Using tools like Anthos, Azure Arc, and Terraform.

What is an SBOM (Software Bill of Materials)?

A list of all components in software, used for security analysis.

How do you implement auto-remediation in DevOps?

Using AWS Lambda, Ansible, or Kubernetes operators to fix issues automatically.

How do you secure a Kubernetes cluster?

• Use RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
• Enable Pod Security Policies
• Rotate TLS certificates

How do you optimize cloud costs in a DevOps environment?

By using spot instances, auto-scaling, and rightsizing resources.

How did Netflix achieve high availability using DevOps practices?

Case Study:

Netflix uses chaos engineering with Chaos Monkey to simulate failures and ensure resilience. It also relies on:

• Auto-scaling with AWS
• Service discovery with Eureka
• CI/CD pipelines for rapid deployments

How did Facebook reduce deployment failures with DevOps?

Case Study:

Facebook follows dark launching and feature flagging to test features before full release.

• Blue-Green deployments minimize risk.
• Automated testing & rollbacks prevent issues.

How does Google ensure zero-downtime deployments?

Case Study:

Google uses SRE (Site Reliability Engineering) with:

• Canary deployments to test updates.
• Load balancing & Kubernetes for seamless scaling.

How did Capital One implement DevSecOps to enhance security?

Case Study:

Capital One integrates security early in CI/CD pipelines by:

• Using Terraform for infrastructure compliance
• Running SAST (Static Application Security Testing)
• Automating security audits with Open Policy Agent (OPA)

How did Etsy achieve faster deployments?

Case Study:

Etsy moved from weekly releases to 50+ deployments per day by:

• Using feature flags
• Implementing continuous deployment
• Automating infrastructure with Ansible

How did Amazon implement DevOps at scale?

Case Study:

Amazon follows a two-pizza team model (small, autonomous teams) with:

• Microservices architecture
• Infrastructure automation with AWS Lambda
• Performance monitoring using AWS CloudWatch

How did LinkedIn improve site reliability using DevOps?

Case Study:

LinkedIn handles 5+ billion messages daily by:

• Using Kafka for real-time data processing
• Implementing auto-remediation scripts
• Running machine learning-based anomaly detection

How does NASA ensure high system reliability?

Case Study:

NASA runs mission-critical DevOps with:

• Immutable infrastructure to prevent drift
• Automated rollback strategies
• Strict security compliance with FedRAMP & NIST

How does Spotify optimize CI/CD pipelines for faster feature releases?

Case Study:

Spotify enables developer autonomy with:

• Trunk-based development
• Decentralized microservices
• Experimentation using feature toggles

How did Uber scale DevOps for millions of daily users?

Case Study:

Uber optimized latency and availability using:

• Service Mesh (Istio) for observability
• Multi-cloud deployments with Kubernetes
• Automated incident response with PagerDuty