How do you implement security scanning in a CI/CD pipeline?

Security scanning implementation includes:

• SAST (Static Application Security Testing)
• DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing)
• Dependency scanning
• Container security scanning

What are Jenkins pipelines and how do they work?

Jenkins pipelines are defined using Jenkinsfile and provide:

• Declarative or scripted syntax
• Stage-based workflow definition
• Pipeline as code
• Reusable components

How do you handle database migrations in CI/CD?

Database migration strategies include:

• Version control for schema changes
• Automated migration scripts
• Rollback mechanisms
• Zero-downtime migrations

What is GitOps and how does it relate to CI/CD?

GitOps principles include:

• Git as single source of truth
• Declarative infrastructure
• Automated synchronization
• Version-controlled operations

How do you implement blue-green deployments?

Blue-green deployment process:

1. Maintain two identical environments
2. Route traffic between versions
3. Test new version
4. Switch traffic if successful
5. Keep old version as backup

What are the best practices for CI/CD pipeline security?

Security best practices include:

• Secrets management
• Least privilege access
• Artifact signing
• Vulnerability scanning
• Compliance checks

How do you handle configuration management in CI/CD?

Configuration management approaches:

• Environment-specific configs
• Configuration as code
• Secret management
• Feature flags

What is container orchestration in CI/CD?

Container orchestration involves:

• Managing container lifecycle
• Scaling applications
• Service discovery
• Load balancing
• Rolling updates

How do you implement automated testing in CI/CD?

Automated testing implementation:

• Test pyramids
• Parallel test execution
• Test environment management
• Test result reporting
• Coverage analysis

What is infrastructure as code (IaC) in CI/CD?

IaC implementation includes:

• Template-based provisioning
• Version-controlled infrastructure
• Automated deployment
• Environment consistency

How do you handle dependencies in CI/CD?

Dependency management includes:

• Version locking
• Dependency scanning
• Cache management
• Artifact repositories
• Vulnerability checking

What are CI/CD metrics and how do you track them?

Key metrics include:

• Deployment frequency
• Lead time
• Change failure rate
• Mean time to recovery
• Pipeline velocity

How do you implement canary deployments?

Canary deployment process:

1. Deploy to subset of users
2. Monitor performance
3. Gather feedback
4. Gradual rollout
5. Rollback capability

What is trunk-based development in CI/CD?

Trunk-based development involves:

• Short-lived feature branches
• Frequent integration
• Feature flags
• Automated testing
• Continuous deployment

How do you handle rollbacks in CI/CD?

Rollback strategies include:

• Automated rollback triggers
• Version control for artifacts
• Database rollback plans
• Feature flags
• Blue-green switching

What is continuous testing in CI/CD?

Continuous testing involves:

• Automated test suites
• Test environment management
• Performance testing
• Security testing
• Integration testing

How do you manage secrets in CI/CD pipelines?

Secrets management includes:

• Vault integration
• Environment variables
• Encryption
• Access control
• Rotation policies

What is pipeline optimization in CI/CD?

Pipeline optimization techniques:

• Parallel execution
• Caching strategies
• Resource optimization
• Build time reduction
• Efficient testing

How do you implement compliance in CI/CD?

Compliance implementation includes:

• Audit trails
• Policy enforcement
• Security scanning
• Approval workflows
• Documentation

What is release management in CI/CD?

Release management involves:

• Version control
• Release planning
• Change management
• Environment promotion
• Release automation